PROVISION AND CONTIGENT LIABILTY
A Provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.
The amount recognized as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the Reporting date, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation.
Contingent Liabilities are possible obligations that arise from past events and whose existence will only be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more future events not wholly within the control of the Company. Where it is not probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required, or the amount cannot be estimated reliably, the obligation is disclosed as a contingent liability, unless the probability of outflow of economic benefits is remote. Contingent liabilities are disclosed on the basis of a judgment of the management/independent experts. These are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date and are adjusted to reflect the current management estimate.
C.10. Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and Cash Equivalents in the Balance Sheet comprise Cash at Banks and on Hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
Transactions in Foreign Currencies are initially recorded at the functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition.
Monetary Assets and Liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot rates of exchange prevailing at the Reporting date (i.e. at the closing rate). Exchange differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognized in Profit or Loss in the year in which it arises except to the extent of exchange differences which are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs on foreign currency borrowings that are directly attributable to the acquisition or construction of qualifying assets, are capitalized as cost of assets.
Non-Monetary items are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Non-Monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was measured. The gain or Loss arising on translation of Non-Monetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of the gain or Loss on the change in fair value of the item (i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value gain or Loss is recognized in OCI or Statement of Profit and Loss are also recognized in OCI or Statement of Profit and Loss, respectively).
C.12. Revenue
Revenue from Contracts with customers is recognized when control of the goods or services is transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company is generally the principal as it typically controls the goods or services before transferring them to the customer.
Generally, control is transferred upon shipment of goods to the customer or when the goods are made available to the customer, provided transfer of title to the customer occurs and the Company has not retained any significant risks of ownership or future obligations with respect to the goods shipped.
Revenue from Rendering of Services is recognised over time by measuring the progress towards complete satisfaction of performance obligations at the Reporting period.
Revenue from operations includes sale of goods & services net of GST.
C.13. Other Income
Interest Income is recognized, when no significant uncertainty as to measurability or collectability exists, on a time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the applicable interest rate.
All other items of income are accounted on accrual basis.
C.14. Employee Benefits
C.14.1 Short Term Employee Benefits
Short-Term Employee Benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expenses as the relative service is provided. A liability is recognized for the amount expected to be paid e.g., under short-term cash bonus, if the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee, and the amount of obligation can be estimated reliably.
C.14.2. Post-Employment Benefits
Employee Benefit that are payable after the completion of employment are Post-Employment Benefit (other than termination benefit). These are of two type:
(a) Defined Contribution Plans
A Defined-Contribution Plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which an entity pays fixed contributions into separate entities and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts. Obligations for contributions to defined contribution plans are recognized as an employee benefits expense in Profit or Loss in the period during which services are rendered by employees.
The Company pays a fixed contribution to government-administered provident fund scheme, ESI Scheme and Labour Welfare Fund scheme at predetermined rates. The contributions to the fund for the year are recognized as expenses and are charged to the Profit or Loss.
(b) Defined Benefit Plans
A Defined Benefit Plan is a post-employment benefit plan other than a defined contribution plan. The Company's liability towards gratuity is in the nature of defined benefit plans.
The Company's net obligation in respect of defined benefit plan is calculated separately by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in return for their service in the current and prior periods; that benefit is discounted to determine its present value. Any unrecognized past service costs are deducted. The discount rate is based on the prevailing market yields of Indian government securities as at the Reporting date that have maturity dates approximating the terms of the Company's obligations and that are denominated in the same currency in which the benefits are expected to be paid.
The calculation is performed annually by a qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method. When the calculation results in a benefit to the Company, the recognized asset is limited to the total of any unrecognized past service costs. Any actuarial gains or Losses are recognized in other comprehensive income in the period in which they arise.
C.15. Income Tax
Income Tax Expense comprises Current and Deferred Tax. Current Tax expense is recognized in Profit or Loss except to the extent that it relates to items recognized directly in other comprehensive income, in which case it is recognized in OCI.
Current Tax is the expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted and as applicable at the Reporting date, and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax reflects the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received after considering the uncertainty, if any, related to income taxes. It is measured using tax rates (and tax laws) enacted or substantively enacted by the Reporting date.
Deferred Tax is recognized on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the Financial Statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable Profit.
Deferred Tax assets are recognized to the extent it is probable that taxable Profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and the carry forward of unused tax Losses can be utilized. Deferred tax liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realized, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the Reporting period. The carrying amount of deferred tax liabilities and assets are reviewed at the end of each Reporting period.
C.16. Asset Classified as Held for Sale
Non-Current Assets are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use and sale is considered highly probable.
A sale is considered as highly probable when decision has been made to sell, assets are available for immediate sale in their present condition, assets are being actively marketed and sale has been agreed or is expected to be concluded within 12 months of the date of classification.
Non-current assets held for sale are neither depreciated nor amortized. Assets and liabilities classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less cost of sale and are presented separately in the Balance Sheet.
C.17. Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per equity share is computed by dividing the net Profit or Loss attributable to equity shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the Financial year.
Diluted earnings per equity share is computed by dividing the net Profit or Loss attributable to equity shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic earnings per equity share and also the weighted average number of equity shares that could have been issued upon conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares.
C.18. Operating Segment
In accordance with Ind-As 108, the operating segments used to present segment information are identified on the basis of internal reports used by the Company's Management to allocate resources to the segments and assess their performance. The Board of Directors is collectively the Company's ‘Chief Operating Decision Maker' or ‘CODM' within the meaning of Ind AS 108. The indicators used for internal Reporting purposes may evolve in connection with performance assessment measures put in place by the Company from time to time.
C.19. Equity Investment
Equity Investments in subsidiary is measured at cost. The investments are reviewed at each Reporting date to determine whether there is any indication of impairment considering the provisions of Ind AS 36 ‘Impairment of Assets'. If any such indication exists, a policy for impairment of non-Financial assets is followed.
C.20. Financial Instruments
A financial Instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
C.20.1 Financial Assets
Initial Recognition and Measurement
All Financial Assets and Liabilities are initially recognized at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which are not at fair value through Profit or Loss, are adjusted to the fair value on initial recognition. Purchase and sale of Financial Assets are recognized using trade date accounting.
Subsequent Measurement
Debt Instruments at Amortized Cost
A ‘Debt Instrument' is Measured at the Amortized Cost if both the following conditions are met:
(a) The Asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows, and
(b) Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.
After initial measurement, such Financial Assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the EIR method. This category generally applies to trade and other receivables.
Equity Investments
All Equity Investments in entities are measured (except equity investment in subsidiary) at fair value. Equity instruments which are held for trading are classified as at FVTPL. For all other Equity Instruments, the Company decides to classify the same either as at FVTOCI or FVTPL. The Company makes such election on an instrument by instrument basis. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.
Equity Investments in subsidiary are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses, If any De-recognition
A Financial Asset is primarily derecognized when:
• The Rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or
• The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a ‘pass-through' arrangement; and either
(a) The Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or
(b) The Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset but has transferred control of the asset.
Impairment of Financial Assets
The impairment provisions for Financial Assets are based on assumptions about the risk of default and expected cash Loss rates. The Company uses judgment in making these assumptions and selecting the inputs to the impairment calculation, based on Company's past history, existing market conditions as well as forward-looking estimates at the end of each Reporting period
C.20.2 Financial Liabilities
Initial Recognition and Measurement
Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate. All Financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and, in the case of borrowings and payables, it is recognised net of directly attributable transaction costs. The Company's Financial liabilities include trade and other payables, borrowings, and derivative financial instruments.
Subsequent Measurement
The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:
Financial liabilities at amortized cost:
After initial measurement, such financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the EIR method. This category generally applies to borrowings, trade payables, and other contractual liabilities.
De-recognition
A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms or the terms of an existing liability are
substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the de-recognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the Statement of Profit or Loss.
C. 20.3 Offsetting
Financial Assets and Liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the Balance Sheet where there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. The legally enforceable right must not be contingent on future events and must be enforceable in the normal course of business and in the event of default, insolvency, or bankruptcy of the Company or the counterparty.
D. Use of Estimates and Management Judgments
The Preparation of Financial Statements requires management to make judgments, estimates, and assumptions that may impact the application of accounting policies and the reported value of assets, liabilities, income, expenses, and related disclosures concerning the items involved as well as contingent assets and liabilities at the Balance Sheet date. The estimates and management's judgments are based on previous experience and other factors considered reasonable and prudent in the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and in any future periods affected.
In order to enhance understanding of the Financial Statements, information about significant areas of estimation, uncertainty and critical judgments in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the Standalone Financial Statements are as under:
D.1. Useful life of Property, Plant, and Equipment/ Intangible Assets
The estimated useful life of Property, Plant and Equipment/ Intangible Assets is based on a number of factors including the effects of obsolescence, demand, competition, and other economic factors (such as the stability of the industry and known technological advances) and the level of maintenance expenditures required to obtain the expected future cash flows from the asset.
The Company reviews at the end of each Reporting date the useful life of Property, Plant, and Equipment/ Intangible Assets and are adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.
D.2. Recoverable amount of Property, Plant, and Equipment
The recoverable amount of Plant and Equipment is based on estimates and assumptions regarding in particular the expected market outlook and future cash flows. Any changes in these assumptions may have a material impact on the measurement of the recoverable amount and could result in impairment.
D.3. Employee Benefit Plans
Employee benefit obligations are measured on the basis of actuarial assumptions and management calculation which include mortality and withdrawal rates as well as assumptions concerning future developments in discount rates, the rate of salary increases, and the inflation rate. The Company considers that the assumptions used to measure its obligations are appropriate and documented. However, any changes in these assumptions may have a material impact on the resulting calculations.
D.4. Leases
The Company evaluates if an arrangement qualifies to be a lease as per the requirements of Ind AS 116. Identification of a lease requires significant judgment. The Company uses judgment in assessing whether a contract (or part of a contract) includes a lease, the lease team (including anticipated renewals), the applicable discount rate, variable lease payments whether are in-substance fixed. The judgment involves assessment of whether the asset included in the contract is a fully or partly identified asset based on the facts and circumstances, whether the contract includes a lease and non-lease component and if so, separation thereof for the purpose of recognition and measurement, determination of lease term basis, inter alia the non-cancellable period of the lease and whether the lessee intends to opt for continuing with the use of the asset upon the expiry thereof, and whether the lease payments are fixed or variable or a combination of both.
D.5. Provisions and Contingencies
The assessments undertaken in recognizing provisions and contingencies have been made in accordance with Ind AS 37, ‘Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets'. The evaluation of the likelihood of the contingent events has required best judgment by management regarding the probability of exposure to potential Loss. Should circumstances change following unforeseeable developments, this likelihood could alter.
D.6. Recoverability of Trade Receivables
Judgments are required in assessing the recoverability of overdue Trade Receivables and determining whether a provision against those receivables is required. Factors considered include the amount and timing of anticipated future payments and any possible actions that can be taken to mitigate the risk of non-payment.
D.7. Fair Value Measurement
For estimates relating to the fair value of financial instruments Refer Note 35.3 of Financial Statements
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