(xiv) Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets
A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the company has a present legal or constructive obligation
that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the
obligation and there is reliable estimate of the amount of obligation.
A disclosure for contingent liabilities is made where there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the
existence of which will be confirmed only on the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future
events not wholly within the control of the company or a present obligation that arise from past events where it is
not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be
made.
(xv) Leases
As a Lessee
A lease is classified at the inception date as finance lease or an operating lease. Leases under which the company
assumes substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. When acquired, such
assets are capitalized at fair value or present value of the minimum lease payments at the inception of lease,
whichever is lower. Lease payments are apportioned between finance charges and reduction of the lease liability so
as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance charges are recognized in
finance costs in the statement of profit and loss.
Other leases are treated as operating leases, with payments are recognized as expense in the statement of profit
and loss on a straight line basis over the lease term.
(xvi) Impairment of Non-Financial Assets
The company assesses at each reporting date whether there is any objective evidence that a non-financial asset or a
group of non-financial assets are impaired. If any such indication exists, the company estimates the amount of
impairment loss. For the purpose of assessing impairment, the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates
cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or group of
assets is considered as cash generating unit. If any such indication exists, an estimate of the recoverable amount of
the individual asset/cash generating unit is made.
An impairment loss is calculated as the difference between an asset's carrying amount and recoverable amount.
Losses are recognized in profit or loss and reflected in an allowance account. When the company considers that
there are no realistic prospects of recovery of the asset, the relevant amounts are written off. If the amount of
impairment loss subsequently decreases and the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the
impairment was recognized, then the previously recognized impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss.
(xvii) Financial Instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual
provisions of the instrument. Financial assets and liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs
that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than
financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss) are added to or deducted from the fair
value measured on initial recognition of financial asset or financial liability. The transaction costs directly
attributable to the acquisition of financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss are
immediately recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
Financial instruments also include derivative contracts such as foreign currency foreign exchange forward contracts,
interest rate swaps and currency options; and embedded derivatives in the host contract.
Effective interest method
The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial instrument and of
allocating interest income or expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly
discounts future cash receipts or payments through the expected life of the financial instrument, or where
appropriate, a shorter period.
(A) Financial assets
Classification
The Company shall classify financial assets and subsequently measured at amortized cost, fair value through other
comprehensive income or fair value through profit or loss on the basis of its business model for managing the
financial assets and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial asset.
Initial recognition and measurement
All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value plus transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition
of the financial asset, in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through profit or loss. Purchases or
sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within a time frame established by regulation or convention
in the market place (regular way trades) are recognized on the trade date, i.e., the date that the company commits
to purchase or sell the asset.
Measured at Amortized cost
A financial asset is measured at the amortized cost if both the following conditions are met:
a) The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash
flows, and
b) Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal
and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.
After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective
interest rate (EIR) method. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on
acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortization is included in finance income
in the statement of profit and loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognized in the statement of profit and
loss. This category generally applies to trade and other receivables.
Measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)
A financial asset is measurement FVTOCI if both of the following criteria are met:
a) The objective of the business model is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling the
financial assets, and
b) The asset's contractual cash flows represent SPPI.
Financial assets included within the FVTOCI category are measured initially as well as at each reporting date at fair
value. Fair value movements are recognized in the other comprehensive income (OCI). However, the company
recognizes interest income, impairment losses & reversals and foreign exchange gain or loss in the profit and loss.
On de-recognition of the asset, cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in OCI is reclassified from the equity to
profit and loss. Interest earned whilst holding FVTOCI debt instrument is reported as interest income using the EIR
method.
Financial Asset at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL)
FVTPL is a residual category for financial asset. Any financial asset, which does not meet the criteria for
categorization as at amortized cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as at FVTPL.
In addition, the company may elect to classify a financial asset, which otherwise meets amortized cost or FVTOCI
criteria, as at FVTPL. However, such election is allowed only if doing so reduces or eliminates a measurement or
recognition inconsistency (referred to as 'accounting mismatch').
Financial assets included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the
profit and loss.
De-recognition
A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a company of similar financial assets) is
primarily de-recognized (i.e. removed from the company's balance sheet) when:
i) The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or
ii) The company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an
obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a
'pass-through' arrangement; and either (a) the company has transferred substantially all the risks
and rewards of the asset, or (b) the company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all
the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.
iii) When the company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered
into a pass-through arrangement, it evaluates if and to what extent it has retained the risks and
rewards of ownership. When it has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks
and rewards of the asset, nor transferred control of the asset, the company continues to
recognize the transferred asset to the extent of the company's continuing involvement. In that
case, the company also recognizes an associated liability. The transferred asset and the
associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the
company has retained.
iv) Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is
measured at the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of
consideration that the company could be required to repay.
Impairment of financial assets
In accordance with Ind-AS 109, the Company applies expected credit loss (ECL) model for measurement and
recognition of impairment loss on the following financial assets and credit risk exposure:
a) Financial assets that are debt instruments, and are measured at amortized cost e.g., loans, debt securities,
deposits, and bank balance.
b) Trade receivables.
The Company follows 'simplified approach' for recognition of impairment loss allowance on:
i) Trade receivables which do not contain a significant financing component.
The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk.
Rather, it recognizes impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from
its initial recognition.
ii) For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the Company
determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial
recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12-month ECL is used to provide for
impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a
subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a
significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognizing
impairment loss allowance based on 12-month ECL.
(B) Financial liabilities
Classification
The Company classifies all financial liabilities as subsequently measured at amortized cost, except for financial
liabilities at fair value through profit or loss. Such liabilities, including derivatives that are liabilities, shall be
subsequently measured at fair value.
Initial recognition and measurement
Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss or
amortized costs.
All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net
of directly attributable transaction costs.
The company's financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings, financial guarantee
contracts and derivative financial instruments.
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss.
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial
liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities are classified
as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term. This category also includes
derivative financial instruments entered into by the group that are not designated as hedging instruments in hedge
relationships as defined by Ind-AS 109. Separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless
they are designated as effective hedging instruments.
Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognized in the profit or loss.
Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss are designated at the initial
date of recognition, and only if the criteria in Ind-AS 109 are satisfied. For liabilities designated as FVTPL, fair value
gains/ losses attributable to changes in own credit risk arerecognized in OCI. This gains/loss is not subsequently
transferred to P&L. However, the company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity. All other changes
in fair value of such liability are recognized in the statement of profit or loss.
Loans and borrowings
After initial recognition, interest-bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortized cost using
the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognized as well as
through the EIR amortization process.
Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that
are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortization is included as finance costs in the statement of profit and loss.
This category generally applies to interest-bearing loans and borrowings.
Derecognition
A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires.
When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or
the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the
derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying
amounts is recognized in the statement of profit or loss.
Measurement of fair values
The Company's accounting policies and disclosures require the measurement of fair values, for financial
instruments.
The Company has an established control framework with respect to the measurement of fair values. The
management regularly reviews significant unobservable inputs and valuation adjustments. If third party
information, such as broker quotes or pricing services, is used to measure fair values, then the management
assesses the evidence obtained from the third parties to support the conclusion that such valuations meet the
requirements of Ind AS, including the level in the fair value hierarchy in which such valuations should be classified.
When measuring the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company uses observable market data as far as possible.
Fair values are categorized into different levels in a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used in the valuation
techniques as follows.
Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either
directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices).
Level 3: inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs).
If the inputs used to measure the fair value of an asset or a liability fall into different levels of the fair value
hierarchy, then the fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety in the same level of the fair value hierarchy
as the lowest level input that is significant to the entire measurement.
The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy at the end of the reporting period
during which the change has occurred.
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