2.14 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets:
A Provision is recognised when the Company has present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of past events, for which it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made for the amount of the obligation.
Contingent Liabilities are disclosed by way of notes to Financial Statements. Contingent assets are not recognised in the financial statements but are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements where an inflow of economic benefits is probable. Provisions and contingent liabilities are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date.
2.15 Fair value measurement
The Company measures financial instruments at fair value as per Ind AS 113 at each balance sheet date. All financial assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:
? Level 1 — Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
? Level 2 — Inputs other than quoted prices included in level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
? Level 3 — Inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (Unobservable inputs).
For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.
2.16 Financial instruments Financial assets
(i) Classification
The Company classifies its financial assets in the following categories, those to be measured subsequently at:
1. Fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI),
2. Fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), and
3. Amortised cost.
The classification depends on the entity’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows. For assets measured at fair value, gains and losses will either be recorded in profit or loss or other comprehensive income. For investments in debt instruments, this will depend on the business model in which the investment is held. For investments in equity instruments, this will depend on whether the Company has made an irrevocable election at the time of initial recognition to account for the equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income.
Business model assessment
The Company makes an assessment of the objective of a business model in which an asset is held at a portfolio level because this best reflects the way the business is managed and information is provided to management.
Assessment of whether contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest
For the purpose of this assessment, ‘principal’ is defined as the fair value of the financial asset on initial recognition. ‘Interest’ is defined as consideration for the time value of money and for the credit risk associated with the principal amount outstanding during a particular period of time and for other basic lending risks and costs, as well as profit margin.
In assessing whether the contractual cash flows are SPPI, the Company considers the contractual terms of the instrument. This includes assessing whether the financial asset contains a contractual term that could change the timing or amount of contractual cash flows such that it would not meet this condition.
Reclassifications
Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition, except in the period after the Company changes its business model for managing financial assets.
Financial liabilities
The Company classifies its financial liabilities as measured at amortised cost or fair value through profit or loss.
(ii) Measurement
At initial recognition, the Company measures a financial assets that are not at fair value through profit or loss at its fair value plus / (minus), transaction costs / origination, Income that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are expensed in profit or loss.
Financial Assets :
Subsequent measurement of financial assets depends on the Company’s business model for managing the asset and the cash flow characteristics of the asset. The Company classifies its debt instruments into following categories:
(1) Amortised cost:
Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortised cost. Interest income from these financial assets is included in revenue from operations using the effective interest rate method.
(2) Fair value through other comprehensive Income:
Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows and for sale and the contractual term of the financial assets give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely for the payment of principal and interest thereon.
(3) Fair value through profit or loss:
Assets that do not meet the criteria for amortised cost or Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income (FVOCI) are measured at fair value through profit or loss.
Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities are carried at amortised cost using effective interest rate method
(iii) Impairment of financial assets Overview of the ECL principles
The Company records allowance for expected credit losses for all loans. Equity instruments are not subject to impairment under Ind AS 109.
The ECL allowance is based on the credit losses expected to arise over the life of the asset (the lifetime expected credit loss), unless there has been no significant increase in credit risk since origination, in which case, the allowance is based on the 12 months’ expected credit loss as below
Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The 12-month ECL is the portion of Lifetime ECL that represent the ECLs that result from default events on a financial instrument that are possible within the 12 months after the reporting date.
a) The Company has established a policy to perform an assessment, at the end of each reporting period, of whether a financial instrument’s credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition, by considering the change in the risk of default occurring over the remaining life of the financial instrument. The Company does the assessment of significant increase in credit risk at a borrower level.
Based on the above, the Company categorises its loans into Stage 1, Stage 2 and Stage 3 as described below:
Stage 1
All exposures where there has not been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition or that has low credit risk at the reporting date and that are not credit impaired upon origination are classified under this stage. The company classifies all standard advances and advances upto 30 days default under this category. Stage 1 loans also include facilities where the credit risk has improved and the loan has been reclassified from Stage 2.
Stage 2
All exposures where there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition but are not credit impaired are classified under this stage. 30 Days Past Due is considered as significant increase in credit risk.
Stage 3
All exposures assessed as credit impaired when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of that asset have occurred are classified in this stage. For exposures that have become credit impaired, a lifetime ECL is recognised and interest revenue is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the amortised cost (net of provision) rather than the gross carrying amount. 90 Days Past Due is considered as default for classifying a financial instrument as credit impaired. If an event (for eg. any natural calamity) warrants a provision higher than as mandated under ECL methodology, the Company may classify the financial asset in Stage 3 accordingly.
The mechanics of ECL:
The Company calculates ECLs based on probability-weighted scenarios to measure the expected cash shortfalls, discounted at an approximation to the EIR. A cash shortfall is the difference between the cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive.
The mechanics of the ECL calculations are outlined below and the key elements are, as follows:
Probability of Default (PD) - The Probability of Default is an estimate of the likelihood of default over a given time horizon. A default may only happen at a certain time over the assessed period, if the facility has not been previously derecognised and is still in the portfolio.
Exposure at Default(EAD) - The Exposure at Default is an estimate of the exposure at a future default date.
Loss Given Default (LGD) - The Loss Given Default is an estimate of the loss arising in the case where a default occurs at a given time. It is based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due and those that the Company would expect to receive, including from the realisation of any collateral.
Measurement of ECL
ECL are a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses. They are measured as follows:
• financial assets that are not credit-impaired at the reporting date: as the present value of all cash shortfalls (i.e. the difference between the cash flows due to the Company in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive);
• financial assets that are credit-impaired at the reporting date: as the difference between the gross carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows.
Collateral repossessed
In its normal course of business whenever default occurs, the Company may take possession of properties or other assets in its retail portfolio and generally disposes such assets through auction, to settle outstanding debt. As a result of this practice, assets under legal repossession processes are recorded on the balance sheet.
(iv) Write-off
Loans are written off when there is no reasonable expectation of recovering in its entirety or a portion thereof. This is generally the case when the Company determines that the borrower does not have assets or sources of income that could generate sufficient cash flows to repay the amounts subject to the write-off. This assessment is carried out at the individual asset level.
Financial assets that are written off could still be subject to enforcement activities in order to comply with the Company’s procedures for recovery of amounts due.
(V) De-recognition of financial assets and financial liabilities:
A financial asset is derecognised only when:
The Company has transferred the contractual rights to receive cash flows from the financial asset or the Company retains the contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the financial asset, but assumes a contractual obligation to pay the cash flows to one or more recipients.
Where the entity has transferred an asset, the Company evaluates whether it has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset. In such cases, the financial asset is derecognised. Where the entity has not transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is not derecognised.
Where the entity has neither transferred a financial asset nor retains substantially all risks and
rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is derecognised, if the Company has not retained control of the financial asset. Where the Company retains control of the financial asset, the asset is continued to be recognised to the extent of continuing involvement in the financial asset.
On derecognition of a financial asset, the difference between the carrying amount of the asset (or the carrying amount allocated to the portion of the asset derecognised) and the sum of (i) the consideration received (including any new asset obtained less any new liability assumed) and (ii) any cumulative gain or loss that had been recognised in OCI is recognised in profit or loss except for the financial instrument that has been classified as fair value through other comprehensive income that will not be reclassified to profit or loss in subsequent periods.
A financial liability is derecognised when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expires.
(VI) Offsetting financial instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet where there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
2.17 Cash flow statement
Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit for the period is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and item of income or expenses associated with investing or financing cash flows. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated.
2.18 Recent accounting pronouncements
The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (“MCA”) notifies new standards or amendments to the existing standards under Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as issued from time to time. During the year ended on March 31, 2025, MCA has notified Ind AS 117 - Insurance Contracts and amendments to Ind AS 116 - Leases, relating to sale and leaseback transactions, effective from April 1, 2024. The Company has assessed these amendments and determined that they do not have any significant impact on its financial statements.
On May 07, 2025, MCA notified the amendment in Ind AS 21-The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates. These amendments aim to provide guidance on assessing whether a currency is exchangeable and on estimating the spot exchange rate when exchangeability is lacking. The amendments are effective from annual periods beginning on or after April 1 , 2025. The Company is currently assessing the probable impact of these amendments on its financial statement.
The Board has recommended dividend @ 12% p.a. amounting to ' 41.40 Lakhs (? 1.20 per share) on equity share capital of the Company, subject to approval of shareholders in the Annual General Meeting.
Statutory reserve under section 45IC of RBI Act, 1934
According to section 45IC of RBI Act, 1934, the company transfers a sum not less than 20% of its net profit every year as disclosed in the statement of profit and loss and before declaration of any dividend to statutory reserves
General reserve
Under the erstwhile Companies Act 1956, general reserve was created through an annual transfer of net income at a specified percentage in accordance with applicable regulations. Consequent to introduction of Companies Act 2013, the requirement to mandatorily transfer a specified percentage of the net profit to general reserve has been withdrawn. However, the amount previously transferred to the general reserve can be utilised only in accordance with the specific requirements of Companies Act, 2013.
Net surplus in the statement of Profit and loss
Surplus in the statement of profit and loss is accumulated available profit of the company carried forward from earlier years These reserves are free reserves which can be utilised for any purpose as may be required
Risk Exposure - Asset Volatility
The plan liabilities are calculated using a discount rate set with reference to bond yields; if plan assets underperform this yield, this will create a deficit. Most of the plan asset investments is in fixed income securities with high grades and in government securities. These are subject to interest rate risk and the fund manages interest rate risk derivatives to minimize risk to an acceptable level. A portion of the funds are invested in equity securities and in alternative investments % which have low correlation with equity securities. The equity securities are expected to earn a return in excess of the discount rate and contribute to the plan deficit.
(ii) Defined contribution plans
The Company also has certain defined contribution plans. Contributions are made to provident fund in India for employees at the rate of 12% of basic salary as per regulations. The contributions are made to registered provident fund administered by the government. The obligation of the Company is limited to the amount contributed and it has no further contractual nor any constructive obligation. The expense recognised during the period towards defined contribution plan is ' 14.37 Lakhs (2023-24 : ?12.24Lakhs)
(i) Fair value Hierarchy
Ind AS 113, ‘Fair Value Measurement’ requires classification of the valuation method of financial instruments measured at fair value in the Statement of Balance Sheet, using a three level fair-value- hierarchy (which reflects the significance of inputs used in the measurements). The hierarchy gives the highest priority to un-adjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and lowest priority to un-observable inputs (Level 3 re-measurements). Fair value of derivative financial assets and liabilities are estimated by discounting expected future contractual cash flows using prevailing market interest rate curves. The three levels of the fair- value-hierarchy under Ind AS 113 are described below:
• Level 1: Level 1 hierarchy includes financial instruments measured using quoted prices. This includes publicly traded derivatives and mutual funds that have a quoted price. The quoted market price used for financial assets held by the Company is the current bid price.
• Level 2: The fair value of financial instruments that are not traded in an active market (for example over- the-counter derivatives) is determined using valuation techniques which maximise the use of observable market data and rely as little as possible on entity-specific estimates. If all significant inputs required to fair value an instrument are observable, the instrument is included in level 2.
• Level 3: If one or more of the significant inputs is not based on observable market data, the instrument is included in level 3
(ii) Valuation technique used to determine fair value
Specific valuation techniques used to value financial instruments include:
• the fair value of the equity instruments is determined based on the quoted price as majority of the equity instruments are actively traded on stock exchanges
• the fair value of the remaining financial instruments is determined using discounted cash flow analysis
All of the resulting fair value estimates are included in level 3 where the fair values have been determined based on present values and the discount rates used were adjusted for counterparty or own credit risk.
(iii) Valuation process
Discount rates are determined using a market interest rate for a similar asset adjusted to the risk specific to the asset.
Note 31 Capital Risk Management (a) Risk management
The Risk Management policy includes identification of element of risks, including those which in the opinion of Board may lead to Company not meeting its financial objectives. The risk management process has been established across the Company and design to identify, access and frame a response to threat that affect the achievement of its objectives. Further, it is embedded across all the major functions and revolve around the goals and objectives of the Company.
Maintaining optimal capital to debt is one such measure to ensure healthy returns to the shareholders the Company monitors the ratio as below:
(b) Externally imposed capital restrictions
As per RBI requirements, Capital Adequacy Ratio should be minimum 15%, not meeting RBI requirements will lead to cancellation of NBFC licenses issued by RBI.
The Company has complied with these covenants throughout the reporting period.
Note 32 Financial risk management
A. Management of Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will encounter difficulty in meeting its obligations associated with its financial liabilities. The Company’s approach in managing liquidity is to ensure that it will have sufficient funds to meet its liabilities when due.
The Company is monitoring its liquidity risk by estimating the future inflows and outflows during the start of the year and planned accordingly the funding requirement. The Company manages its liquidity by unutilised cash credit facility and term loans.
The composition of the Company’s liability mix ensures healthy asset liability maturity pattern and well diverse resource mix.
Capital adequacy ratio of the Company, as on 31 March 2025 is 60.58% against regulatory norms of 15%.
The total cash credit limit available to the Company is ' 1500 lakhs . The utilization level is maintained in such a way that ensures sufficient liquidity on hand.
The following table shows the maturity analysis of the company’s financial liabilities based on the contractually agreed undiscounted cash flows along with its carrying value as at the Balance sheet date.
B. Management of Market Risk
The company’s size and operations result in it being exposed to the following market risks that arise from its use of financial instruments:
• Foreign Currency risk
• Interest rate risk
The above risks may affect the company’s income and expenses, or the value of its financial instruments. The company’s exposure to and management of these risks are explained below:
(i) Foreign Currency risk
The company does not have any instrument denominated or traded in foreign currency. Hence, such risk does not affect the company.
(ii) Interest rate risk
Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of the financial instruments will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. In order to optimize the Company’s position with regards to interest income and interest expenses and to manage the interest rate risk, treasury performs a comprehensive corporate interest rate risk management by balancing the proportion of fixed rate and floating rate financial instruments in its total portfolio.
According to the Company interest rate risk exposure is only for floating rate borrowings. For floating rate liabilities, the analysis is prepared assuming that the amount of the liability outstanding at the end of the reporting period was outstanding for the whole year. A 50 basis point increase or decrease is used when reporting interest rate risk internally to key management personnel and represents management’s assessment of the reasonably possible change in interest rates.
C Management of Credit Risk
Credit Risk refers to the risk that a counterparty will default on its contractual obligations resulting in financial loss to the Company. The Company has adopted a policy of only dealing with creditworthy counterparties and obtaining sufficient collateral, where appropriate, as a means of mitigating the risk of financial loss from defaults. The exposure is continuously monitored to determine significant increase in credit risk. The Company monitors the credit assessment on a portfolio basis, assesses all credit exposures in excess of designated limits. The Company does a risk grading based upon the credit worthiness of the borrowers. All these factors are taken into consideration for computation of ECL.
Other Financial Assets
Credit risk with respect to other financial assets are extremely low. Based on the credit assessment, the historical trend of low default is expected to continue. No provision for Expected Credit Loss (ECL) has been created for Other financial Assets.
Loans
The following table sets out information about credit quality of loan assets measured at amortised cost based on Number of Days past due information. The amount represents gross carrying amount.
* NPA days for FY 2024-25 are 120 Days and for FY 2023-24 are 150 Days
Financial services business has a comprehensive framework for monitoring credit quality of its loans based on days past due monitoring. Repayment by individual customers and portfolio is tracked regularly and required steps for recovery is taken through follow-ups and legal recourse.
Inputs considered in the ECL model
In assessing the impairment of loans assets under ECL model, the loan assets have been segmented into three stages.
The three stages reflect the general pattern of credit deterioration of a financial instrument. The differences in accounting between stages relate to the recognition of expected credit losses and the calculation and presentation of interest revenue.
The Company categorises loan assets into stages based on the Days Past Due status:
- Stage 1: 30 Days Past Due
- Stage 2: 31-90 Days Past Due
- Stage 3: More than 90 Days Past Due
Assumptions considered in the ECL model
The financial services business has made the following assumptions in the ECL Model:
- Loss given default" (LGD) is common for all three stages and is based on loss in past portfolio.
Actual cash flows are discounted with average rate for arriving loss rate. EIR has been taken as discount rate for all loans.
Estimation Technique
The financial services business has applied the following estimation technique in its ECL model:
- "Probability of default" (PD) is applied on Stage 1 and Stage 2 on portfolio basis and for Stage 3 PD is 100%.
- Probability of default for Stage 1 loan assets is calculated as average of historical trend from Stage 1 to Stage 3 in next 1 2 months.
- Probability of default for Stage 2 loan assets is calculated based on the lifetime PD as average of historical trend from Stage 2 to Stage 3 for the remaining tenor.
There is no change in estimation techniques or significant assumptions during the reporting period.
Assessment of significant increase in credit risk
When determining whether the risk of default has increased significantly since initial recognition, the financial services business considers both quantitative and qualitative information and analysis based on the business historical experience, including forward-looking information. The financial services business considers reasonable and supportable information that is relevant and available without undue cost and effort.
The financial services business uses the number of days past due to classify a financial instrument in low credit risk category and to determine significant increase in credit risk in loans. As a backstop, the financial services business considers that a significant increase in credit risk occurs no later than when an asset is more than 30 days past due.
Definition of default
The definition of default used for internal credit risk management purposes is based on RBI Guidelines. Under Ind AS, financial asset to be in default when it is more than 90 days past due. The financial services business considers a financial asset under default as 'credit impaired'.
Note 33 Dues to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
Based on the information available with the company there are no suppliers who are registered under the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006 as at March 31, 2024. Hence, the disclosure required under this Act has not been given.
Note 34 Pursuant to para 2 of general instructions for preparation of financial statements of a NBFC as mentioned in Division III of Schedule III of The Companies Act, 2013, the current and non¬ current classification has not been provided.
Note 35 Segment Reporting
The Company is primarily engaged in one business segment viz. Finance service, as determined by the Chief Operating Decision Maker in accordance with Ind AS 108, Operating Segments. The Board of Directors has been identified as Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM), CODM of the Company evaluates the Company performance, allocates resources based on the analysis of various performance indicators of the Company as a single unit. Therefore, there is no separate reportable segment for the Company.
Note 36 The Board has recommended dividend @ 12% p.a. amounting to ' 41.40 Lakhs (' 1.20 per share) on equity share capital of the Company, subject to approval of shareholders in the Annual General Meeting.
Note 37 In terms of the requirement as per RBI notification no. RBI/2019-20/170 DOR (NBFC).
CC.PD.No.109/22.10.106/2019-20 dated 13 March 2020 on Implementation of Indian Accounting Standards, Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) are required to create an impairment reserve for any shortfall in impairment allowances under Ind AS 109 and Income Recognition, Asset Classification and Provisioning (IRACP) norms (including provision on standard assets). The impairment allowances under Ind AS 109 made by the company exceeds the total provision required under IRACP (including standard asset provisioning), as at 31 March 2025 and accordingly, no amount is required to be transferred to impairment reserve.
11. The company has no Unhedged Foreign Currency Exposure
Note 40 The Company has used an accounting software for maintaining it's books of account for the financial year ended 31 March 2025 which has a feature of recording audit trail (edit log) facility and the same has operated throughout the year for all relevant transactions recorded in the software. Further, since the company has migrated to All Cloud software from Tally ERP 9 during the previous year, we have preservation of the audit trail as per the statutory requirements for record retention.
Note 41 Other statutory information
(i) The Company do not have any Benami property, where any proceeding has been initiated or pending against the Company for holding any Benami property.
(ii) The Company do not have any transactions with companies struck off.
(iii) The Company do not have any charges or satisfaction which is yet to be registered with ROC beyond the statutory period.
(iv) The Company have not traded or invested in Crypto currency or Virtual Currency during the financial year
(v) The Company have not advanced or loaned or invested funds to any other person(s) or entity(ies), including foreign entities (Intermediaries) with the understanding that the Intermediary shall:“(a) directly or indirectly lend or invest in other persons or entities identified in any manner whatsoever by or on behalf of the Company (Ultimate Beneficiaries) or“(b) provide any guarantee, security or the like to or on behalf of the Ultimate Beneficiaries.
(vi) The Company have not received any fund from any person(s) or entity(ies), including foreign entities (Funding Party) with the understanding (whether recorded in writing or otherwise) that the Company shall:“(a) directly or indirectly lend or invest in other persons or entities identified in any manner whatsoever by or on behalf of the Funding Party (Ultimate Beneficiaries) or“(b) provide any guarantee, security or the like on behalf of the Ultimate Beneficiaries
(vii) The quarterly returns or statements of current assets filed by the company with banks or financial institutions are in agreement with the books of accounts.
(viii) The Company have no such transaction which is not recorded in the books of accounts that has been surrendered or disclosed as income during the year in the tax assessments under the Income Tax Act, 1961 (such as, search or survey or any other relevant provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961).
(ix) The Company has complied with the number of layers prescribed under clause (87) of section 2 of the Act read with the Companies (Restriction on number of Layers) Rules, 2017.
Note 42
Previous period figures have been regrouped/reclassified, wherever necessary, to conform to current period’s classification.
As per our report of even date For and on behalf of the board of directors :
For Kantilal Patel & Co. Kiran Patel Deepak Patel
Chartered Accountants Chairman Managing Director
Firm Registration Number: 104744W (DIN: 00081061) (DIN: 00081100)
Samir Parikh Chinmay Amin
Jinal A Patel Director Director
Partner (DIN - 10697716) (DIN - 09193443)
Membership no. 153599
Kamlesh Upadhyay Devang Shah
Company Secretary Chief Financial Officer
Place : Ahmedabad Place : Nadiad
Date : May 29, 2025 Date : May 29, 2025
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