vi) PROVISIONS, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND CONTINGENT ASSETS
(a) General
Provisions are recognised when the company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. If the effect of the time value of money is material, the amount of a provision shall be the present value of expense expected to be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are therefore discounted, when effect is material, The discount rate shall be pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessment of time value of money and risk specific to the liability. Unwinding of the discount is recognised in
the Statement of Profit and Loss as a finance cost. Provisions are reviewed at each balance sheet date and are adjusted to reflect the current best estimate.
(b) Contingencies
Contingent liabilities are disclosed when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the company or a present obligation that arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made. Information on contingent liability is disclosed in the Notes to the Financial Statements.
A contingent asset is a possible asset that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the entity, Contingent assets are not recognised, but are disclosed in the notes. However, when the realisation of income is virtually certain, then the related asset is no longer a contingent asset, but it is recognised as an asset.
vii) SHARE CAPITAL AND SECURITIES PREMIUM
Ordinary shares are classified as Equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds.
Par value of the equity share is recorded as share capital and the amount received in excess of the par value is classified as securities premium.
viii) REVENUES
(a) Sale of products/goods
Revenue from sale of product/goods is recognized at the point in time when control of asset is transferred to the customer, generally on the delivery of the product/goods and there is no uncertainty in receiving the same and there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attached to them.
The Company considers whether there are other promises in the contracts that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated. ln determining the transaction price for the sale of products/goods, the Company considers the effects of variable consideration, the existence of significant financing components, non-cash consideration, and consideration payable to the customer (if any).
Variable consideration: lf the consideration in a contract includes a variable amount, the Company estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for transferring the goods to the customer. The variable consideration is estimated at contract inception and constrained until it is highly probable that a significant revenue reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the associated uncertainty with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Some contracts for the sale of Products/Goods provide customers with a right of return and volume rebates. The rights of return and volume rebates give rise to variable consideration.
Contract Balances: If an entity performs by transferring goods or services to a customer before the customer pays consideration or before payment is due, the entity shall present the contract as a contract asset, excluding any amounts presented as a receivable. A contract asset is an entity's right to consideration in exchange for goods or services that the entity has transferred to a customer. Similarly, an entity shall recognize contract liability when there is an entity's obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the entity has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer.
Trade credit: ln case of exceptional trade credit agreed with the customers which contain a significant financing component, the transaction price for such trade receivables are discounted, using the rate that would be reflected in a separate financing transaction between the Company and its customers at transaction inception, to take into consideration the significant financing component.
The Company identifies contract assets when the right to consideration in exchange for goods or services transferred to a customer is conditioned on something other than the passage of time and identifies contract liabilities when there is an obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration."
(b) Sale of services
Revenue from rendering of services is recognised over time as the customer receives the benefit of the Company's performance and the Company has an enforceable right to payment for services transferred.
(c) Other Income
A. Interest income is recognised on a time proportion basis.
B. Other items of income accounted as and when the right to receive such income arises and it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the company and the amount of income can be measured reliably.
ix) TAXATION
(a) Current tax
Current tax is expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year, using the tax rate enacted at the reporting date, and any adjustment to the tax payable in respect of the earlier periods.
Current tax assets and liabilities are offset where the company has legal enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on net basis, or to realize the assets and settle the liability simultaneously.
(b) Deferred tax
Deferred tax is recognized for all taxable temporary differences and is calculated based on the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes.
Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the assets can be utilized.
Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset and when the deferred tax balances relate to taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but the company intends to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realized simultaneously."
(c) Current and Deferred Tax for the Year
Current and deferred tax are recognized in the statement of profit & loss, except when they relates to items that are recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current tax and deferred tax is recognized directly in other comprehensive income or equity respectively.
x) EARNING PER SHARE
Basic Earnings Per Share is computed by dividing the net profit attributable to the equity shareholders of the company to the weighted average number of Shares outstanding during the period & Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the net profit attributable to the equity shareholders of the company after adjusting the effect of all dilutive potential equity shares that were outstanding during the period. The weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period includes the weighted average number of equity shares that could have issued upon conversion of all dilutive potential.
xi) COMMITMENTS
Commitments are future liabilities for contractual expenditure, classified and disclosed as follows:
(i) estimated amount of contracts remaining to be executed on capital account and not provided for
(ii) uncalled liability on shares and other investments partly paid;
(iii) funding related commitment to subsidiary
xii) EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
The company provides for the various benefits plans to the employees. These are categorized into Defined Benefits Plans and Defined Contributions Plans. Defined contribution plans includes the amount paid by the company towards the liability for Provident fund to the employees provident fund organization and Employee State Insurance fund in respect of ESI and defined benefits plans includes the retirement benefits, such as gratuity.
a. In respect Defined Contribution Plans, contribution made to the specified fund based on the services rendered by the employees are charged to Statement of Profit & Loss in the year in which services are rendered by the employee.
b. Liability in respect of Defined Long Term benefit plan is determined at the present value of the amounts payable determined using actuarial valuation techniques performed by an independent actuarial at each balance sheet date using the projected unit credit methods. Re¬ measurement, comprising actuarial gain and losses, the effects of assets ceiling (if applicable) and the return on plan assets (excluding interest), is reflected immediately in the statement of Financial Position with a charge or credit recognized in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Past Service cost is recognized in the statement of profit & loss in the period of plan amendment.
c. Liabilities for short term employee benefits are measured at undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid and charged to Statement of Profit & Loss in the year in which the related service is rendered such as salaries, wages, short-term compensated absences, etc. and the expected cost of bonus, ex-gratia
xiii) INVENTORIES
Inventories are carried in the balance sheet as follows:
Raw material, Stores & Spares: At cost where cost includes cost of purchases and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
Finished goods: At lower of cost or net realizable value.
Stock in transit: At lower of cost net realizable value.
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (First in First Out - FIFO basis) and the net realisable value after providing for obsolescence and other losses, where considered necessary. Cost includes cost of purchase,all charges in bringing the goods to the point of sale, including indirect levies, transit insurance and receiving charges. Finished goods include appropriate proportion of overheads and, where applicable.
Rejection and scrap
Rejection and scrap are valued at net realisable value.
Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and selling expenses."
ix) LEASES
At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the company assesses whether :
(i) the contract involves the use of an identified asset
(ii) the company has substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset through the period of the lease, and
(iii) the company has the right to direct the use of the asset.
At the date of commencement of the lease, the Company recognizes a right of use asset and a corresponding lease liability for all lease arrangements in which it is a lessee, except for the leases with a term of 12 months (short term) or less and low value leases. For these short term and low value leases, the company recognizes the lease payments as an operating expenses on a staright line basis over the term of the lease.
Right of use assets are recognised on the date of lease commencement (i.e. the date the underlying asset is available for use). Right of use assets are measeured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation, impairment losses and adjusted for any remeausurement of lease liabilities. Right of use assets are depreciated on a straight line basis over the lease term. Right of use assets are evaluated for recoverability whenever events or changes in the circumstances indicate their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, the recoverable amount (i.e. the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and value in use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the
asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets.
The lease liability is initially measured at amortised cost at the present value of the future payments. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, using the incremental borrowing rates in the country of domicile of these leases. Lease liabilities are measured with a corresponding adjustment to the related right of use asset if the company changes its assessment if whether it will excercise an extension or a termination option.
Lease liability and ROU asset have been separately presented in the balance sheet and lease paymnets have been classified as financing cash flows."
x) FOREIGN CURRENCY REINSTATEMENT AND TRANSLATION
a) Functional and presentation currency
Standalone financial statements have been presented in Indian Rupees (INR), which is the Company's functional and presentation currency.
b) Transactions and balances
Transactions in currencies other than the entity's functional currency (foreign currencies) are recognized at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions. At the end of each reporting period, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing at that date. Non¬ monetary items are measured in terms of historical cost in foreign currencies and are therefore not retranslated.
xi) DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS:
The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward contracts to hedge its foreign currency exposure. The recognizing of the resulting gain or loss depends on whether the derivative is designated as a hedging instrument, and if so, on the nature of the item being hedged. Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to profit or loss.
Fair value hedge
The Company designates derivative contracts or non¬ derivative financial assets/ liabilities as hedging instruments to mitigate the risk of change in fair value of hedged item due to movement in interest rates, foreign exchange rates and commodity prices.
Changes in the fair value of hedging instruments and hedged items that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges are recorded in the Statement of Profit and Loss. If the hedging relationship no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, the adjustment to the carrying amount of a hedged item for which the effective interest method is used is amortized to Statement of Profit and Loss over the period of maturity.
xii) BORROWING COSTS
a) Borrowing costs that are attributable to the acquisition, construction, or production of a qualifying asset are capitalized as a part of the cost of such asset till such time the asset is ready for its intended use or sale. A qualifying asset is an asset that necessarily requires a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale. Where funds are borroweed specifically to finance a project, the amount capitalised represents the actual borrowing costs incurred. Where surplus funds are available out of money borrowed specifically to finance a project, the income generated from such
short term investments is deducted from the total capitalsed borrowing cost. Where the funds used to finance a project form part of general borrowings, the amount capitalsed is caluclated using a weighted average of rates applicable to relevant general borrowings of the company during the year.
Capitalsation of borrowing costs is suspended and charged to the statement of profit and loss during the extended periods when the active development on the qualifying asset is suspended."
b) All other borrowing costs are recognized as expense in the period in which they are incurred.
c) EIR is the rate that excatly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial liability or a shorter period, where appropraite, to the amortised cost of a financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate (EIR) the company estimates the expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument.
xii) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT
The Company measures financial instruments at fair value at each balance sheet date. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
In the principal market for the asset or liability, or in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability.
The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company. The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant's ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.
xiii) EVENTS OCCURING AFTER REPORTING PERIOD
Events after the reporting period are those events, favorable and unfavorable, that occur between the end of the reporting period and the date when the financial statements are approved by the Board of Directors in case of a Company, and, by the corresponding approving authority in case of any other entity for issue. Two types of events can be identified:
(a) Those that provide evidence of conditions that existed at the end of the reporting period (adjusting events after the reporting period); and
(b) Those that is indicative of conditions that arose after the reporting period (non-adjusting events after the reporting period)
2.5) CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES,ASSUMPTIONS AND JUDGEMENTS
In the process of applying the company's accounting policies, management has made the following estimates, assumptions and judgements, which have significant effect on the amounts recognised in the financial statement:
(i) Property, plant and equipment
On transition to Ind AS, the company has adopted optional exemption under IND AS 101 for fair valuation of property, plant and equipment. and investment properties. Management believes that the assigned fair value, useful lives and residual value are reasonable
(ii) Income taxes
Management judgment is required for the calculation of provision for income taxes and deferred tax assets and liabilities. The company reviews at each balance sheet date the carrying amount of deferred tax assets. The factors used in estimates may differ from actual outcome which could lead to significant adjustment to the amounts reported in the standalone financial statements.
(iii) Contingencies
Management judgement is required for estimating the possible outflow of resources, if any, in respect of contingencies/claim/ litigations against the company as it is not possible to predict the outcome of pending matters with accuracy.
(iv) Allowance for uncollectable accounts receivable and advances
Trade receivables do not carry any interest and are stated at their normal value as reduced by appropriate allowances for estimated irrecoverable amounts. Individual trade receivables are written off when management deems them not to be collectible. Impairment is made on the expected credit losses, which are the present value of the cash shortfall over the expected life of the financial assets.
2.6) STANDARDS ISSUED BUT NOT YET EFFECTIVE
The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) notifies new standards or amendments to the existing standards under Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as issued from time to time. The following amendments have been issued by MCA which are applicable for the Company but not yet effective:
Ind AS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements - This amendment requires the entities to disclose their material accounting policies rather than their significant accounting policies. The effective date for adoption of this amendment is annual periods beginning on or after April 1, 2023.
The Company has evaluated the amendment and the impact of the amendment is insignificant in the standalone financial statements.
Ind AS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors - This amendment has introduced a definition of 'accounting estimates' and included amendments to Ind AS 8 to help entities distinguish changes in accounting policies from changes in accounting estimates. The effective date for adoption of this amendment is annual periods beginning on or after April 1, 2023. The Company has evaluated the amendment and there is no impact on its Standalone financial statements.
Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2025
Ind AS 21, The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates - This amendment provides guidance for situations where a currency is not exchangeable into another currency. It defines 'exchangeable' currencies and sets out the method for estimating the spot exchange rate when a currency is not exchangeable. It also introduces enhanced disclosure requirements in such situations. The effective date for adoption of this amendment is annual periods beginning on or after April 1, 2025. The Company has evaluated the amendment and assessed that the impact is insignificant in the standalone financial statements.
Ind AS 101, First-time Adoption of Indian Accounting Standards - Consequential amendments have been made to Ind AS 101 in relation to non-exchangeable currencies and changes in functional currency under specific circumstances. The effective date for adoption of this amendment is annual periods beginning on or after April 1, 2025. The Company has evaluated the amendment and assessed that there is no impact on its standalone financial statements.
The Company has evaluated the amendment and the impact of the amendment is insignificant in the standalone financial statements.
The above sensitivity analyses are based on a change in an assumption while holding all other assumptions constant. In practice, this is unlikely to occur, and changes in some of the assumptions may be correlated. When calculating the sensitivity of the defined benefit obligation to significant actuarial assumptions the same method i.e. projected unit credit method has been applied as that used for calculating the defined benefit liability recognised in the balance sheet.
v) Risk Expsoure
The defined benefit obligations have the undermentioned risk exposures :
Interest rate risk : The defined benefit obligation calculated uses a discount rate based on government bonds. If bond yields fall, the defined benefit obligation will tend to increase.
Salary Inflation risk : Higher than expected increases in salary will increase the defined benefit obligation.
Demographic risk : This is the risk of variability of results due to unsystematic nature of decrements that include mortality, withdrawal , disability and retirement. The effect of these decrements on the defined benefit obligation is not straight forward and depends upon the combination of salary increase, discount rate and vesting criteria.
Investment risk : The present value of the defined benefit plan liability is calculated using a discount rate determined by reference to high quality corporate bond yields; if the return on plan asset is below this rate, it will create a plan deficit.
vi) Defined benefit liability and employer contributions
The weighted average duration of the defined benefit obligation is 32.32 years (March 31, 2024 : 33.17 years ).
The expected maturity analysis of undiscounted gratuity is as follows:
Note 43
A) FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT
The Company's principal financial liabilities comprise loans, borrowings and trade and other payables. The main purpose of these financial liabilities is to finance the Company's operations. The Company's principal financial assets include loans, trade and other receivables, and cash and cash equivalents that derive directly from its operations. The Company also holds investments.
The Company is exposed to market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. The Company's senior management oversees the management of these risks. The Company's senior management ensures that the Company's financial risk activities are governed by appropriate policies and procedures and that financial risks are identified, measured and managed in accordance with the Company's policies and risk objectives. All derivative activities for risk management purposes are carried out by specialist teams that have the appropriate skills, experience and supervision. The Board of Directors reviews and agrees policies for managing each of these risks, which are summarised below.
(a) Market risk
Market risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices. Market risk comprises three types of risk: interest rate risk, currency risk and other price risk, such as equity price risk. Financial instruments affected by market risk include loans and borrowings.
The Company has no direct exposure to foreign currency risk.
-Interest rate risk
Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company's exposure to the risk of changes in market interest rates relates primarily to the Company's long-term debt obligations with floating interest rates. The Company manages its interest rate risk by having a balanced portfolio of fixed and variable rate loans and borrowings. The Company's policy is to borrow funds at fixed and floating rate of interest.
(b) Credit risk
Credit risk is the risk that counterparty will not meet its obligations under a financial instrument or customer contract, leading to a financial loss. The Company is exposed to credit risk from its operating activities (primarily trade receivables) and from its financing activities, including investments, deposits with banks and financial institutions and other financial instruments.
(i) Trade receivables
Customer credit risk is managed by the Company's established policies, procedures and controls relating to customer credit risk management. Credit quality of a customer is assessed based on an individual credit limits and are defined in accordance with management's assessment of the customer. Outstanding customer receivables are regularly monitored. The concentration of credit risk is limited due to the fact that the customer base is large. An impairment analysis is performed at each reporting date using a provision matrix to measure expected credit losses. The Company uses ageing buckets and provision matrix for the purpose of computation of expected credit loss. The provision rates are based on past trend of recoverability. The calculation reflects the probability-weighted outcome, the time value of money and reasonable and supportable information that is available at the reporting date about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions.
(ii) Financial instruments and bank deposits
Credit risk from balances with banks is managed by the management in accordance with the Company's policy. Investments of surplus funds are made only with approved counterparties based on limits defined by the management. The limits are set to minimise the concentration of risks and therefore mitigate financial loss through counterparty's potential failure to make payments.
(c) Liquidity risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company may encounter difficulty in meeting its present and future obligations associated with financial liabilities that are required to be settled by delivering cash or another financial asset. The Company's objective is to maintain a balance between continuity of funding and flexibility through the use of bank overdrafts, bank loans and finance leases. The Company closely monitors its liquidity position and deploys a robust cash management system. It aims to minimise these risks by generating sufficient cash flows from its current operations, which in addition to the available cash and cash equivalents and sufficient committed fund facilities, will provide liquidity.The liquidity risk is managed on the basis of expected maturity dates of the financial liabilities. The carrying amounts are assumed to be reasonable approximation of fair value.
B) Capital management
For the purpose of the Company's capital management, capital includes issued equity capital and all other equity attributable to the equity holders. The primary objective of the Company's capital management is to maximise the shareholder value.The Company manages its capital structure and makes adjustments in light of changes in economic conditions and the requirements of the financial covenants. The Company monitors capital using a gearing ratio, which is net debt divided by total capital plus net debt. The Company's policy is to keep the gearing ratio between 0% and 25%. The Company includes within net debt, interest bearing loans and borrowings, less cash and cash equivalents.
Note 46: ADDITIONAL REGULATORY INFORMATION
(i) The title deeds of the Immovable Properties are held in the name of the Company.
(ii) The company does not have any Investment Property; hence disclosure not applicable.
(iii) The Company has not revalued its Property, Plant and Equipment, hence the disclosure regarding valuation not applicable.
(iv) The Company has not revalued its Intangible Assets, hence the disclosure regarding valuation not applicable.
(v) No loans or advances has been granted to the promoters, directors, KMP's and the related parties (as defined under Companies Act, 2013), hence disclosure not applicable.
(vi) The Company does not hold any benami property under the Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988 and no proceeding has been initiated or is pending against the Company for holding any benami property.
(vii) Borrowings from banks or finacial institutions on the basis of security of current assets:
(a) the quaterly returns or statements of current assets filed by the Company with banks or financial institutions are in agreement with books of accounts.
(viii) The company has not been declared as a wilful defaulter by any bank or financial Institution or other lender.
(ix) The company does not have any transactions with companies struck off under section 248 of the Companies Act, 2013 or section 560 of Companies Act, 1956.
(x) Neither charges nor satisfaction is yet to be registered with ROC beyond the statutory period.
(xi) The company has complied with the number of layers prescribed under clause (87) of section 2 of the Act read with the Companies (Restriction on number of Layers) Rules, 2017.
(xii) The company has not applied for any Scheme of Arrangements in terms of sections 230 to 237 of the Companies Act, 2013.
(xiii) Utilization of Borrowed Funds and Share Premium:
(a) The company has not advanced or loaned or invested funds (either borrowed funds or share premium or any other sources or kind of funds) to any other person(s) or entity(ies), including foreign entities (Intermediaries).
(b) The company has not received any fund from any person(s) or entity(ies), including foreign entities (Funding Party).
(xv) The Company has not surrendered or disclosed any income during the year in the tax assessments under the Income Tax Act, 1961.
(xvi) The company has not traded or invested in Crypto currency or Virtual Currency during the financial year.
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